The aim of this study was to investigate whether chimpanzees (n = 5), our closest living relatives, detect and categorize faces on the basis of first-order information, and whether this sensitivity is specific to faces or generalizes to other objects. ![]() Neurological experiments have revealed a complex network of areas in the human brain that respond more to faces than to other categories of objects and thus have been implemented in face categorization. We suggest a model linking species differences in mirror system connectivity and responsivity with species differences in behavior, including adaptations for imitation and social learning of tool use. In humans alone, connections with superior parietal cortex were also detected. In chimpanzees and humans, but not in macaques, this circuitry includes connections with inferior temporal cortex. In contrast, humans have more substantial temporal–parietal and frontal–parietal connections via the middle/inferior longitudinal fasciculi and the third branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. In macaques and chimpanzees, the preponderance of this circuitry consists of frontal–temporal connections via the extreme/external capsules. Here we compare mirror system connectivity across these species using diffusion tensor imaging. In humans, imitation is linked to the mirror system. Macaques only copy the product of observed actions, or emulate, while humans and chimpanzees also copy the process, or imitate. Social learning varies among primate species.
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